Accomplishments of Charlemagne Free Essay Example, 750 words

Accomplishments of Charlemagne Accomplishments of Charlemagne Ladies and gentlemen today as I lay on this bed, I want to thank each and every one of us for the great and indelible contributions you have had in my life. I can’t imagine the world and may life without you. During my time with you, I have had an opportunity to interact and share a lot with most of you. I have also had an opportunity to serve you under various categories. As I bid you goodbye, I want to take this opportunity to reflect back on some of the major contributions that I have been able to achieve. Political Accomplishments Having served as an emperor during this medieval period has given me an opportunity to transform many lives and the nature of our lives. I believe that as I leave you soon, my political achievements will still remain and form major parts of the governments and other leaders to come. Precisely, my greatest political achievement is in 775, when I invaded, attacked and defeated the Germanic tribe Saxon who threatened the north-eastern frontiers of my newly formed Kingdom. We will write a custom essay sample on Accomplishments of Charlemagne or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now During the same year, I also remember vividly that the Duke of Hrodgaud of Friuli rebelled against my rule but I defeated by him. These culminations gave me an opportunity with the Duke of Spoleto. We signed a treaty with him and this gave me the full power over Northern Italy which has ensured the peace that we enjoy today. To me, this is a very big accomplishment because as I go, I leave the many descendants of this great in a safe place to call home (Story, 2005). Art/Architecture Accomplishments As all of you know, my love for art is very great. I will not leave without saying a word how I still feel and think of art. I know for those of you who have had an opportunity to look at my different kinds of work can speak for themselves. There is this building that will forever remain in my heart. The construction of the Paltin Chapel in Aache during this Carolingian Renaissance has proved greater levels of arts and architecture to me. This, to those who do not know, was my spiritual center and a sacred place where German rulers would be crowned. To me, its construction has proved that we have the best artist and architects with very great knowledge of the Construction industry. As I say goodbye, this building will still remain with you for years. But, I have one request, that let it be used specifically for the purpose it was built for and I requests the current generation to pass the great cultural ties with this building to the generations to come (Collins, 1998). Religion, philosophy or intellectual life Accomplishments I cannot talk of my achievements without talking about my religion or philosophical accomplishments. I don’t want you to join the dots for me while still alive. I know many of you if given a chance to talk about my religious contributions can do so for more than one hour. Let me save you that energy. For now, I will only talk of a few accomplishments that I feel have had great impacts and yielded a lot of results to our people. My greatest religious accomplishment was in 809-810, when I consulted the Church Council who agreed unanimously to include the belief that Holy Spirit Proceeds from the Father and the Son in Nicene Creed. Although it met a lot of opposition from Pope Leo, I believe that it has helped to increase the spirituality of our people. I cannot also forget of talking about the policies and laws which I have put in place to strengthen the power structure of the church. With these laws, there are improved moral standards, faith and the overall skills of our clerg y. We have also managed to create good working relationship of the state and the church which is very important for coexistence (Bhote, 2004). Confession to Make I know during my lifetime, I have not been good to all of us. To those who think that I have wronged them, please let history judge me harshly. Today, I want to take this opportunity to confess and ask for forgiveness for sanctioning the killing of pagan priests who were against my rule. Ladies and gentlemen, you remember that in the year 782 during the Saxon uprising, I enforced strict code of laws that extended to banning of pagan practices. During this time, I watched as pagan priests were tortured and brutally killed. I truly want to ask for your forgiveness on their behalf and my their souls rest in eternal peace (Story, 2005) I thank all of you for listening and giving me an opportunity to address you at this point which I consider very crucial in my life. For now may the Lord Almighty be with you till we meet again. Thank you once more for also giving me an opportunity to serve you under various capacities. References Bhote, T. (2004). Charlemagne: The life and times of an early Medieval emperor. New York, NY: Rosen Pub. Group Collins, R. (1998). Charlemagne. Toronto: University of Toronto Press Story, J. (2005). Charlemagne: Empire and society. Manchester; New York, N.Y: Manchester University Press

Directors Duties Problem Question - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1750 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Tags: Duty Essay Did you like this example? The establishment of Shine Ltd was with the sole intent to produce industrial solvents and cleaning solutions. Appointment of the office of managing director was given to John to cover that post. During this course, the company acquired an agreement with XYZ plc a conglomerate. While still under the directorship of John the company came up with a new super glue. In his capacity as a director, he presented this to the manager with the hope that it would be supported, and the production would continue since he felt it would be a lucrative business. The board of trustees were however of a different opinion, and they ended up rejecting the project. The managing director of XYZ plc is a friend of John, and so he disclosed their intentions not to renew their contract with Shine Ltd. Their reason was that the partnership had not born as much success as they had hoped. He would, however, continue his dealings with John if only he were not attached to Shine Ltd. With this in mind, he resigned and instead formed his company, Flush Ltd. A company that later partnered with XYZ plc. The company also took up the project of manufacturing the glue Shine Ltd board of directors had rejected, and it has proved very profitable. The corporate opportunity dictates that the director is not allowed to take for themselves any business opportunity that otherwise would have been beneficial to the corporation. It falls within the fiduciary duty of loyalty applications. The conditions in the act are clearly stipulated. It becomes limited to the Director, officers, and controlling shareholders (Esser, 2007). The act specifies that it is applicable whether the transaction harms the corporation. That is to say should the director go against this rule in the process make the cooperation benefit it does not mean he gets exempted from having broken particular law. The other part of this rule is that the corporation should not have obtained information regarding the opportuni ty that was presented. In the case where the board is aware and declines to take the opportunity then the fiduciary would take the opportunity for himself. Should the rule apply however the corporation becomes entitled to the profit earning for the fiduciary from the transaction? Having considered all the activities that took place in case study this particular rule might not apply to John. While being the director of Shine Ltd, he took the idea to the board of trustees and following the rules stipulated in the Company act that would have been his responsibility. In this case, both John and the board of directors were aware of opportunity yet the board choose to ignore. With this in mind, it then becomes apparent that the opportunity would now belong to John. However, that does not mean that he gets to walk (Lowry, 2009). Section 170 deals with the responsibility of the director of an organization. In as much as they are given the top most job, this section dictates what is ex pected of them from the daily operation of the group. Section 174 deals with the responsibility of the director to exercise care, skill and diligence. Their knowledge needs to be such that they are helpful to the organization. The manager has to handle the activities of the organization about his or her skills in that position. A factor also emphasized in Section 175. The part worth highlighting would be the second rule that specifies that it would be in conflict of interest to exploit information or opportunity gotten as a result of the position they hold in the company. Section 176 talks about Duty not to accept benefits from third parties. Of note is the second part where the aspect of the third party gets explained into details. Anyone who falls within the organization as a partner of an associate falls within this section. Section 177 deals with the responsibility of the organizations director who might find himself in a conflict of interest. He has to offer the board with a de claration letter to announce the presence of a conflict of interest before they get to discover on their own. Section 178 deals with the consequences of a breach of duty. It highlights that the section 171 to 177 having the same kind of punishment should the director have breached that contract. However, section 174 makes the management have an open idea concerning what can pass as a breach of contract since it is a section open to interpretation. Section 180 deals with the parts that can be considered to be in a position to assume. Having examined the effects and the position that they take make them be applicable or be ignored depending on the location. Examining the case studies the duties mentioned above of the director were never fulfilled by John in his capacity as director of the organization. He stands liable for all accounts of the negligence of functions of the Director. He exploited the chances that they had to make better the body and instead used this privilege to ga in as an individual. The company is on the right to take legal action concerning the negligence of duties as director. The seems to be a violation of the equitable principle. That means that the data collected from the manager was wrongfully acquired. The breach of confidence in the English law gives room for a person to claim compensation for the violation of trust. The responsibility of the manager to have the clause of confidence falling within his doctrines translates to having a civil complaint. The rule applies specifically to situations where it would be unfair should the information be revealed. There exist three very fundamental aspects that would determine if a breach has taken place. Before ruling out that the case is worth being given a civil claim the three rules need to get approved to have existed. The information that is being shared should contain a certain degree of confidence. That is to say, it gets classified as being confidential. The provision of the inform ation falls into the category of imposing on the application of obligation confidence. The information received was unauthorized when being used (Payne, 2008). Considering the case study provided it is clear that the above conditions were all fulfilled. Working as the director of Shine Ltd the information that he shared with his friend would best fit this category. The information should not have been disclosed to anyone since the company owned it. While the information was being given he was working as the director of Shine. While there seems to be no documentation on the issue of permission to use this product for profit. Lack of proper authority to present the solution in this case ruling out the possibility that the process was ever legal (Payne, 2008). Section 178 talks about the enforcement of the laws that govern the directors duties. In cases where the company has incurred losses due to the actions of the director then he becomes liable as a person. The director is to be made to restore the property of the company should he have lead to the destruction of any other property under his care. The director will have to account for any of the other profits they might have made while using the secrets acquired from the organization. It, therefore, becomes necessary for the board of directors to take into account section 178(2) when dealing with John (Sheikh, 2013). The director should defend himself on the grounds that he had presented the idea to the board and he had been told it would not be approved. In as far as production of the product it was well in his duty in accordance with section 174, and 175 to take up the deal for himself. When coming up with the verdict for the case study it will be prudent to consider the case of Cooley. In his capacity in the company, he exploited the information he got from the company for personal gain. His conditions, as presented, make a clear example of the exact position that John is in with his company. Follo wing the verdict passed in the case of IDC v Cooley (1972), John should be found guilty of misuse of office and as such ought to pay the profits from the contract. It becomes irrelevant that his actions were not causing the company to lose the deal. The rule of conflict of interest stems from the fact the one might have exploited an opportunity that was rightfully in breach of his position. The opportunity might have gotten it in a way that is legal. The position John held concerning the company gave him the upper hand in the acquisition of the project. He is liable for damages regarding the section of the act that touches on conflict of interest. Following the verdict of Regal (Hastings) v Gulliver, (1942) John should be held liable for his choices. He should pay the company for the damages he inflicted using his profits he accumulated in the project that he got from the deal. The formation of Flush Ltd was for the sole purpose of making sure that the start of the contract wi th XYZ plc. John created a legal person as a shield against the legal actions with his former company. The action he took the lead to the company losing some of its clients and its long-time partner. All this he did knowing full well that his responsibilities to Shine Ltd would not allow him do what he was doing. The board of shine Ltd should also look into pursuing a lawsuit against Flush Ltd. The reason being that they have violated their position and in the process acquired some of its clients in the process. Following the case of Gilford Motor Co v Horne (1933), the court should grant an injunction against the company from soliciting Shine Ltd clients. References Ashraf, T. (2012). Directors duties with a particular focus on the Companies Act 2006. International Journal of Law and Management , 125-140. Esser, I. M. (2007). The stakeholder debate and directors fiduciary duties. SA Mercantile Law Journal= SA Tydskrif vir Handelsreg , 346-363. Keay, A. (2007). Tackling the issue of the corporate objective: an analysis of the United Kingdoms enlightened shareholder value approach. Sydney L , 577. Lowry, J. (2009). The duty of loyalty of company directors: bridging the accountability gap through efficient disclosure. The Cambridge Law Journal , 607-622. Payne, J. (2008). Legal Capital and Creditor Protection in UK Private Companies. European Company Law , 220-228. Payne, J. (2008). Legal Capital in the UK Following the Companies Act 2006. Sheikh, S. (2013). A guide to the Companies Act 2006. Routledge. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Directors Duties Problem Question" essay for you Create order

Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On Academic Performance

Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Academic Performance Less sleep causes less focus on academic performance. Sleep deprivation is a problem when it comes to academic performance; therefore students should learn how to manage their time and get enough sleep. Many have argued and many others agreed that sleep deprivation does have a big effect on the performance of students in school. For those who don t agree probably think that sleep deprivation has nothing to do with the bad performance of students on a daily basis. Everyone has their own excuses for not getting the 7-8 hours of sleep that the body needs to get before a following school night, but what studies have shown and the facts that prove show that sleep deprivation has a huge effect on academic performance, making it a problem to focus more in school and also being able to actually process information taught, when the reality is students just need to manage their time to get more sleep beforehand. Students tend to say they can t get enough sleep because too much work is given. In a way that is true, but what students don t understand is that without time management without planning ahead, getting the right 7 to 8 hours of sleep becomes difficult leading to stress and sleep deprivation. Time managing and planning ahead to get work done quicker helps by giving students much more managed time to then be able to process information to academically achieve in school and also adds a better lifestyle becoming moreShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On Academic Performance3327 Words   |  14 Pages The main objective of this study was to determine the psychological effects of sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation is a lack of sleep that can cause a negative effect on cognitive function and can lead to deterioration in physical health. Research and literature reviews reveal sleep deprivation can be caused by shift work, travel, stress, and sleep disorders; such as sleep apnea. Results have found sleep deprivation can cause lack of attention, inability to concentrate, auditory dysfunctionRead MoreThe Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On Academic Performance852 Words   |  4 Pagesundergraduate students is sleep deprivation. I am interested in this topic not simply because I am a student in the School of Public Health, but because I am an undergraduate student that is also affected by the lack of adequate sleep. Topic Definition Development For the Research Review Article, I wanted to understand how sleep deprivation affects undergraduates’ academic performance. My topic question is as follow: What is the underlining cause of sleep deprivation in undergraduate studentsRead MoreThe Effect Of Sleep Deprivation On Academic Performance Of College Students Essay2242 Words   |  9 PagesThe Effect of Sleep Deprivation on the Academic Performance of College Students Sleep is something that every human experiences nearly every night. It is essential for achieving personal wellness, similar to how a nutritious diet and exercise are needed in order to be healthy. However, the stereotype of college students sometimes staying awake extremely late at night in order to finish their assignments still persists. This is a very unhealthy lifestyle choice if it is done repeatedly. In order forRead MoreSleep Deprivation And Academic Performance1430 Words   |  6 PagesSleep Deprivation and Academic Performance in Adolescents Sleep deprivation is an increasing issue with adolescents. Statistics show that 60% of high schoolers report extreme daytime sleepiness. 20% to 33% of those high schools report falling asleep in class at least once during the week. Daytime sleepiness is only a small issue about sleep deprivation in students. Sleep deprivation negatively impacts school performance adolescent students because it interferes with brain development, create moodRead MoreSleep Deprivation Essay1183 Words   |  5 PagesSleep is a necessity that people require to live a healthy lifestyle, and to partake in daily activities. Sleep is something that improves concentration, physical health, and provides energy. Steve Jobs once said, â€Å"For you to sleep well at night, the aesthetic, the quality, has to be carried all the way through.† Steve Jobs is proclaiming that to receive the full benefits of sleep, people must sleep the recommended hours. College students continue to undergo a lack of sleep as th ey persist throughRead MoreThesis Statement : Sleep Deprivation1414 Words   |  6 PagesEng 112.0004 Mrs. B. Peterson October 13, 2017 Sleep deprivation Thesis Statement: Sleep deprivation is harmful to college students because it hinders student learning and jeopardizes their safety while driving. I. Learning a. Memory b. Lack of attention II. Safety a. Fatigue b. Decision making Sleep is one of the unavoidable daily-living activities and it is one of the most important factors contributing to a person’s health. A quality sleep is essential for the physical, cognitive andRead MoreThe Effect Of Sleep On Undergraduate Academic Performance1138 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effect of Sleep on Undergraduate Academic Performance There are only a few needs of humans that are essential for survival. These include food, water, oxygen, and sleep (Gilbert Weaver, 2010). A lack of any of these fundamental needs can be detrimental to human functioning (Orzel-Gryglewska, 2010). The effects of sleep deprivation are numerous. Without sleep humans can be irritable, distracted, forgetful, and even experience hallucinations. There are even diseases associated with continualRead MoreSleep Deprivation On College Students1488 Words   |  6 Pages Sleep Deprivation in College Students Stress Management Betty Diaz August 14, 2017 Abstract A common problem in many young adults in college is sleep deprivation. College students are some of the most sleep deprived people. Their sleep hygiene behavior is worse than adults. An adequate amount of sleep time is 7 to 8 hours each night to complete a regular sleep cycle. When college students have less sleep time, they are disturbing their sleeping cycle and their bodies respond by decreasing theirRead MoreSleep Deprivation Persuasive Speech1577 Words   |  7 PagesChronic Sleep Deprivation Introduction: A. Attention Getting Opening: Over the past ten to twenty years, academic demands placed upon college students have increased significantly, this has lead to an increase in workload and amount of time needed to study for a specific course. Today, college students represent the most sleep-deprived division of the population in the U.S. (Sleep and Memory). According to Gayla Martindale, 63% percent of the students who attend college do not get enough sleep, whichRead MoreSleep Deprivation And Its Effects On Children Essay1249 Words   |  5 PagesRichard Simmons once said, â€Å"There is no such thing as sleep deprivation, there is only caffeine deficiency.† College students everywhere have claimed this as their motto. From art majors who stay up late practicing charcoal and shading, to nursing majors who are stressing all night studying for their exams and practicums, to engineering majors who think a good night’s sleep is three or four hours, sleep has rarely been prio ritised in college. Psychology Professors at the University of Hong Kong,

Essay on Case Application Appraising the Secretaries at...

1. Do you think that the experts recommendations will be sufficient to get most of the administrators to fill out the rating forms properly? Why? Why not? What additional actions (if any) do you think will be necessary? I don’t feel that the experts’ recommendations will be sufficient to get most of the administrators to fill out the rating forms properly. The managers would be pleased with the recommendation to rescind Mr. Winchester’s forced ranking technique but would definitely challenge the idea of not tying salary increases to appraisal forms because it’s what they’ve always done and it is the only way they feel they can provide competitive wages for secretaries. The issues of providing invalid feedback to each secretary†¦show more content†¦Selection for such opportunities can be tied to effective performance appraisals. 2. Do you think that Vice President Winchester would be better off dropping graphic rating forms, substituting instead one of the other techniques we discussed in this chapter such as a ranking method? Why? Vice President Winchester would probably like to continue using the graphic rating in a revised form that assesses the secretary’s performance related to competencies essential for the position and relevant job duties or objectives. He would probably change the format for future use. As I stated in my previous response implementing a more effective appraisal tool will take some time. Per the recommendations made by the experts, I agree that salary increases should not be directly tied to the performance appraisal. The appraisal should be a separate event from discussions of salary increases. Some companies have the HR department to approve merit recommendation prior to any discussion between the administrator and his/her employee. This practice allows the organization to assign merit increases within established budget constraints. 3. What performance appraisal system would you develop for the secretaries if you were Rob Winchester? Defend your answer. I would develop an appraisal system utilizing the BARS technique. Although the BARS technique requires a great deal of time to develop but the end result is well worth the effort. Some mightShow MoreRelatedBba (Case Study Hrm)1386 Words   |  6 PagesCase Incident: Jack Nelsons Problem (page 30) 1. What do you think was causing some of the problems in the savings and loan home office and branches? There is clearly a problem with communication, and the effects are felt in the area of employee commitment. Additional contributing factors include the lack of consistency in the policies and procedures of various locations. There is no cohesiveness to the staffing activities of this organization. Read MoreHuman Resource Management6466 Words   |  26 PagesApplication Case-1 Finding People Who Are Passionate About What They Do Executive Summary: Trilogy Enterprises inc. is a fast growing software company with a unique and highly unorthodox culture. It provides solutions for automotive and telecommunications companies to gather and analyze consumer data, and acquire customers in the United States and internationally. The company’s solutions include Smart Leads; an Internet based scoring and segmentation service to predict consumers’ likelihoodRead MoreHuman Resource Management6456 Words   |  26 PagesApplication Case-1 Finding People Who Are Passionate About What They Do Executive Summary: Trilogy Enterprises inc. is a fast growing software company with a unique and highly unorthodox culture. It provides solutions for automotive and telecommunications companies to gather and analyze consumer data, and acquire customers in the United States and internationally. The company’s solutions include Smart Leads; an Internet based scoring and segmentation service to predict consumers’ likelihoodRead MoreFinding People Who Are Passionate About What They Do4016 Words   |  17 PagesChapter 02 Case No. 01 Case Incident: â€Å"Finding People Who Are Passionate About What They Do† Executive Summary Trilogy Software, Inc., of Austin, Texas, is a fast-growing software company (with earning in the $100- $200 million range), prides itself on its unique and unorthodox culture. Many of its approaches to business practice are unusual. There is no dress code and employees make their own working hours; Responsibility is heavy and comes early, with a â€Å"just do it now†attitudeRead MoreHrm Case Study12223 Words   |  49 PagesCase Study-1 Jack Nelson’s Problem Chapter-1 Introduction to Human Resource Management Page: 1 * The case is all about the necessity amp; functions of HR unit in a local bank. In this bank Jack Nelson is a member of board of director and Ruth Jonson is an excellent employee. As Mr. Nelson was very much curious about how Jonson operate her machine, she briefly gave an idea about it. Speaking with the in-charged supervisor of a branch of this bank Nelson found that something was wrong inside

This Kind of Love happens only once in a lifetime Free Essays

The Bridges of Madison County,† the surprise hit of summer 1995, centers on a particular concept of adulterous romance that is very apropos of the neoconservative epoch. While many contemporary married women indeed may take comfort in the film’s message (that one can have a secret love, but then must go back to the normalcy and maturity of married life), its implications are perhaps something less than a comfort as viewers see them as part of a larger theme about gender equality and human liberation. The complexity of the story’s theme requires not just a good director but also good actors, actors who can link or bridge the character’s character to the audience and live through the film’s reality for at least two hours. We will write a custom essay sample on This Kind of Love happens only once in a lifetime or any similar topic only for you Order Now But before we discuss how Meryl Streep in particular made us connect with the film and empathize with her character, let us first walk around the story of Bridges of Madison County. The story explores the character of Francesca, an Italian woman who somehow ended up as a farm housewife in Iowa. Like most of us, she dreamt of a more exotic life than ‘shuckin’ the corn and ‘sloppin’ the ‘hawgs’, but sometimes life just turns out the way it does. Humans follow where life leads them for a while, and before we realize it, decades have passed. This is so true with Francesca. Her path initially was destined, straight and predictable until an unexpected fork in the road causes her to question everything she had come to expect from life. While her husband and children are away at the Iowa state fair in the summer of 1965, Robert Kincaid happens upon the Johnson farm and asks Francesca for directions to Rosamunde Bridge. He explains that he is on assignment from National Geographic magazine to photograph the bridges of Madison County. She agrees to show him to the bridges and thus begins the bittersweet and all-too-brief romance of her life. Through the pain of separation from her secret love and the stark isolation she feels as the details of her life consume her, she writes down the story of this four-day love affair in a 3-volume diary. The diary is found by her children among her possessions and alongside Robert Kincaid’s possessions after Francesca is dead. The message they take from the diaries is one of hope that they will do what is necessary to find happiness in their lives — whatever is necessary. After learning that Robert Kincaid’s cremated remains were scattered off Rosamunde Bridge and that their mother requested a similar disposition for her own ashes, the children must decide whether to honor their mother’s final wishes or bury her alongside their father as the family had planned. Adapted from the novel by Robert Waller, this is the story of love that happens just once in a lifetime — if you’re lucky. The central theme is that there are deep universal feelings inside of all of us which we train ourselves to ignore in the execution of everyday life. Inside every adult is an idealistic youth who planned a completely different life. But our dreams never go away, requiring only the right stimulus to reappear. As Waller implied in his novel, sometimes the old dreams are the best dreams. They’re gone now, but it leaves a trace bound to last forever The parallel is drawn quite interestingly when Kinkaid explains that he works for the â€Å"National Geographic† magazine rather than acting as an artist because no one is interested in his work as art. Both he and Francesca have settled into a life that isn’t what they hoped it would be. What is wonderful about this plot point is that both are still successful in their lives and relatively happy. Neither one is miserable or particularly hurt by their experiences and yet, under all the layers of their existences lies a yearning for something more, a need to live out unfulfilled dreams and be glad to have dreamt them. The two embark upon a four day romance that is realistic and touching. Streep’s’ Francesca is highly aroused by the photographer and yet she is also aware of the â€Å"improper† nature of her feelings. Coming from what was probably a more liberal background (European, i.e. Italian), she has acclimated herself to the ways of rural Iowa life. To remind us of the narrow nature of the mores of the time, a tertiary character is shown to be the town’s gossip (while Kinkaid is visiting) because her extramarital affair has recently been discovered. What follows in Waller’s story-in-the-novel is his description of the actual affair that takes place between Robert and Francesca while her family is out of town, along with Robert’s â€Å"proposal† that Francesca leave behind her unfulfilling life in Iowa and run away with him to places far and wide, a proposal that is entertained but ultimately turned down by the heroine.   Instead, Francesca places duty and fidelity in front of passion and romance, choosing to live out the remainder of her days on the farm outside of Winterset, Iowa. During one day in August for every year thereafter, however, she would gather props and remembrances and pay ceremonial homage to her romantic interlude by staging a solitary fantasy ritual recalling the original seduction.  Ã‚   Over the course of those two and one-half decades, Mrs. Johnson attempted to locate Kincaid only once, and then unsuccessfully, after the passing of her husband. Two final points are in order about Waller’s telling of the story-within-the-novel. The first is that, notwithstanding the brevity of the actual affair of Robert and Francesca, Waller leaves little doubt that theirs was much more than a fleeting romance or momentary concession to impulse. As Robert said upon learning that Francesca must stay with her family, â€Å"In a universe of ambiguity, this kind of certainty comes only once.† (By this point in the story, such utterances are entirely in character for Mr. Kincaid, whose mystical mix of New Age sensitivity and Marlboro Man machismo Waller gives ample amplification relative to the largely ill-defined character of the heroine. â€Å"I am the highway and the peregrine and all the sails that ever went to sea,† Waller has Robert whispering into Francesca’s ear.)   The last point worthy of underscoring here is the framing device used by  Waller in telling the story. Waller’s reconstruction of the romance is portrayed as a truthful re-creation that he, as the teller, was able to piece together from a letter Francesca left for her children, recounting the affair that they read only after her death. Remarkably, and yet apparently of great importance in establishing the story’s credibility among readers, Waller agrees to tell the story of Robert and Francesca only in response to an invitation from the late Francesca’s children.(3) Meryl Streep in the film successfully expressed Francesca’s struggle, happiness and failure in the film In the said film, Streep’s acting is effortless. We can credit her previous acting roles for her showcase of talent in the film because she has been in several drama movies before she did â€Å"Bridges of Madison County.† Moreover, Streep has won an Oscar award in a drama film Kramer vs. Kramer. In this film, she is a mother who left her family because of discontent which is also real because males today are much more concern with their careers than with their family. This is also quite true in the movie Bridges of Madison County because in the film it is implied that she is too a little discontented with her routinary life as a wife and mother. If she had been contented and happy, she would have ignored Robert Kincaid.   These questions and what ifs are clear indicators that Streep made us feel Francesca. Made us feel that she is a human subject to limitations. In addition, Streep was already forty-six years old when she did the film. As woman, as mother and as a wife, she has rich experiences in life which contribute in her acting. It was easy for her to internalize and give justice to her character because she has been through several experiences not only in her career as an actress but also as a woman in general. There is more to the brilliance in her acting in the said film, according to Streep in an interview on Entertainment Weekly Magazine (2000) â€Å"I had a picture of who this was – I knew it was an Italian war bride, and I had grown up down the street from one. Her husband was a tall, blond man, and she barely spoke any English. Over the years she learned – she was a very bright, interesting woman – but there was always something exotic about her. Anyway, the book had this woman in jeans and braless. It was just hard for me to understand her. I had a pretty vivid picture of her, and I didn’t want to complicate it (laughs) with the author’s actual intent. I honestly didn’t finish the book. I started it and then thought, I’ll wait for the screenplay. The screenplay had a woman in it.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Clint called me and said ‘Just read the script. I want you to push past whatever you think you know about the book’.   Ã‚  Meryl Streep, More Magazine, December 2002 Based from the interview we can say that her performance is significantly affected by the idea that she read the book which made her understand the character thoroughly in the novelist’s perspective and that Eastwood (the director) made sure that the script was well written. And lastly, it is always Streep’s passion to act and always it is her goal to deliver her character to the audience in the most realistic possible way. How to cite This Kind of Love happens only once in a lifetime, Essay examples

This Kind of Love happens only once in a lifetime Free Essays

The Bridges of Madison County,† the surprise hit of summer 1995, centers on a particular concept of adulterous romance that is very apropos of the neoconservative epoch. While many contemporary married women indeed may take comfort in the film’s message (that one can have a secret love, but then must go back to the normalcy and maturity of married life), its implications are perhaps something less than a comfort as viewers see them as part of a larger theme about gender equality and human liberation. The complexity of the story’s theme requires not just a good director but also good actors, actors who can link or bridge the character’s character to the audience and live through the film’s reality for at least two hours. We will write a custom essay sample on This Kind of Love happens only once in a lifetime or any similar topic only for you Order Now But before we discuss how Meryl Streep in particular made us connect with the film and empathize with her character, let us first walk around the story of Bridges of Madison County. The story explores the character of Francesca, an Italian woman who somehow ended up as a farm housewife in Iowa. Like most of us, she dreamt of a more exotic life than ‘shuckin’ the corn and ‘sloppin’ the ‘hawgs’, but sometimes life just turns out the way it does. Humans follow where life leads them for a while, and before we realize it, decades have passed. This is so true with Francesca. Her path initially was destined, straight and predictable until an unexpected fork in the road causes her to question everything she had come to expect from life. While her husband and children are away at the Iowa state fair in the summer of 1965, Robert Kincaid happens upon the Johnson farm and asks Francesca for directions to Rosamunde Bridge. He explains that he is on assignment from National Geographic magazine to photograph the bridges of Madison County. She agrees to show him to the bridges and thus begins the bittersweet and all-too-brief romance of her life. Through the pain of separation from her secret love and the stark isolation she feels as the details of her life consume her, she writes down the story of this four-day love affair in a 3-volume diary. The diary is found by her children among her possessions and alongside Robert Kincaid’s possessions after Francesca is dead. The message they take from the diaries is one of hope that they will do what is necessary to find happiness in their lives — whatever is necessary. After learning that Robert Kincaid’s cremated remains were scattered off Rosamunde Bridge and that their mother requested a similar disposition for her own ashes, the children must decide whether to honor their mother’s final wishes or bury her alongside their father as the family had planned. Adapted from the novel by Robert Waller, this is the story of love that happens just once in a lifetime — if you’re lucky. The central theme is that there are deep universal feelings inside of all of us which we train ourselves to ignore in the execution of everyday life. Inside every adult is an idealistic youth who planned a completely different life. But our dreams never go away, requiring only the right stimulus to reappear. As Waller implied in his novel, sometimes the old dreams are the best dreams. They’re gone now, but it leaves a trace bound to last forever The parallel is drawn quite interestingly when Kinkaid explains that he works for the â€Å"National Geographic† magazine rather than acting as an artist because no one is interested in his work as art. Both he and Francesca have settled into a life that isn’t what they hoped it would be. What is wonderful about this plot point is that both are still successful in their lives and relatively happy. Neither one is miserable or particularly hurt by their experiences and yet, under all the layers of their existences lies a yearning for something more, a need to live out unfulfilled dreams and be glad to have dreamt them. The two embark upon a four day romance that is realistic and touching. Streep’s’ Francesca is highly aroused by the photographer and yet she is also aware of the â€Å"improper† nature of her feelings. Coming from what was probably a more liberal background (European, i.e. Italian), she has acclimated herself to the ways of rural Iowa life. To remind us of the narrow nature of the mores of the time, a tertiary character is shown to be the town’s gossip (while Kinkaid is visiting) because her extramarital affair has recently been discovered. What follows in Waller’s story-in-the-novel is his description of the actual affair that takes place between Robert and Francesca while her family is out of town, along with Robert’s â€Å"proposal† that Francesca leave behind her unfulfilling life in Iowa and run away with him to places far and wide, a proposal that is entertained but ultimately turned down by the heroine.   Instead, Francesca places duty and fidelity in front of passion and romance, choosing to live out the remainder of her days on the farm outside of Winterset, Iowa. During one day in August for every year thereafter, however, she would gather props and remembrances and pay ceremonial homage to her romantic interlude by staging a solitary fantasy ritual recalling the original seduction.  Ã‚   Over the course of those two and one-half decades, Mrs. Johnson attempted to locate Kincaid only once, and then unsuccessfully, after the passing of her husband. Two final points are in order about Waller’s telling of the story-within-the-novel. The first is that, notwithstanding the brevity of the actual affair of Robert and Francesca, Waller leaves little doubt that theirs was much more than a fleeting romance or momentary concession to impulse. As Robert said upon learning that Francesca must stay with her family, â€Å"In a universe of ambiguity, this kind of certainty comes only once.† (By this point in the story, such utterances are entirely in character for Mr. Kincaid, whose mystical mix of New Age sensitivity and Marlboro Man machismo Waller gives ample amplification relative to the largely ill-defined character of the heroine. â€Å"I am the highway and the peregrine and all the sails that ever went to sea,† Waller has Robert whispering into Francesca’s ear.)   The last point worthy of underscoring here is the framing device used by  Waller in telling the story. Waller’s reconstruction of the romance is portrayed as a truthful re-creation that he, as the teller, was able to piece together from a letter Francesca left for her children, recounting the affair that they read only after her death. Remarkably, and yet apparently of great importance in establishing the story’s credibility among readers, Waller agrees to tell the story of Robert and Francesca only in response to an invitation from the late Francesca’s children.(3) Meryl Streep in the film successfully expressed Francesca’s struggle, happiness and failure in the film In the said film, Streep’s acting is effortless. We can credit her previous acting roles for her showcase of talent in the film because she has been in several drama movies before she did â€Å"Bridges of Madison County.† Moreover, Streep has won an Oscar award in a drama film Kramer vs. Kramer. In this film, she is a mother who left her family because of discontent which is also real because males today are much more concern with their careers than with their family. This is also quite true in the movie Bridges of Madison County because in the film it is implied that she is too a little discontented with her routinary life as a wife and mother. If she had been contented and happy, she would have ignored Robert Kincaid.   These questions and what ifs are clear indicators that Streep made us feel Francesca. Made us feel that she is a human subject to limitations. In addition, Streep was already forty-six years old when she did the film. As woman, as mother and as a wife, she has rich experiences in life which contribute in her acting. It was easy for her to internalize and give justice to her character because she has been through several experiences not only in her career as an actress but also as a woman in general. There is more to the brilliance in her acting in the said film, according to Streep in an interview on Entertainment Weekly Magazine (2000) â€Å"I had a picture of who this was – I knew it was an Italian war bride, and I had grown up down the street from one. Her husband was a tall, blond man, and she barely spoke any English. Over the years she learned – she was a very bright, interesting woman – but there was always something exotic about her. Anyway, the book had this woman in jeans and braless. It was just hard for me to understand her. I had a pretty vivid picture of her, and I didn’t want to complicate it (laughs) with the author’s actual intent. I honestly didn’t finish the book. I started it and then thought, I’ll wait for the screenplay. The screenplay had a woman in it.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Clint called me and said ‘Just read the script. I want you to push past whatever you think you know about the book’.   Ã‚  Meryl Streep, More Magazine, December 2002 Based from the interview we can say that her performance is significantly affected by the idea that she read the book which made her understand the character thoroughly in the novelist’s perspective and that Eastwood (the director) made sure that the script was well written. And lastly, it is always Streep’s passion to act and always it is her goal to deliver her character to the audience in the most realistic possible way. How to cite This Kind of Love happens only once in a lifetime, Essay examples

Health Care Ethics Are the Moral Underpinnings - Free Samples

Question: What Is The Health Care Ethics Are The Moral Underpinnings? Answer: Introduction By definition, health care ethics are the moral underpinnings, beliefs and values which give us an opportunity for making health related decisions and choices. At the epitome of health care practice, the virtue of right or wrong and rights are always at play. In utilizing these ethical practices in health care, there are vital principles which give us a basis for making justified decisions. These principles include, autonomy entailed with honour to make decisions on right or wrong on behalf of the patient, beneficence involves actions for the benefit of patients or the population, non maelficience, entailed with doing no harm to people and justice in ensuring giving fair treatment for everyone irrespective of preference, (Post Blustein, 2015). In this case study, it reviews actions of health care professionals in delivering health care services in their portfolio, with respect to ethical guidelines and norms which might come into play. The case under review concerns health care mana ger of a primary health care centre, which offers health promotion activities to the population and is facing closure due to budgetary concerns by the government with assumption that that it does not benefit the local population with respect to budgetary consumption driving its existence. Body The ethical dilemma being encountered in this case is the conflict of self interest vis--vis public interest. The health care facility manager has intentionally manipulated the centres budgetary figures and is not justified within government ministry and faces closure due to budgetary cuttings and reductions. The theory utilized in this review is deontology, which subscribes to the adherence and obligation of duty when health care professionals are engaged in decision making. It refers to the obligations which must be adhered to in upholding ones duty on what is perceived to be ethically correct, (Zhao, Harris Vigo, 2016). Practice of deontology in health care ensures production of consistent decisions which are based on individual ethical set duties. This theory is an approach in health care practice of determining goodness or righteous from simple actions that we commit ourselves in, (Timmermann, 2015). In applying this theory, professionals in health care have the duty to act in a way that their actions are inherently good. Own actions should not be important as compared to the general good of the population In analysing the ethical issue, this case study adopts principle of beneficence, which is a fundamental tool in health care practice, ethical egoisms is not associated with health care. As practitioners in health care, the choice of this profession is with solemn good of helping others for the better good of their health. . The roles of the professionals in health care, is geared towards sacrifice and acting in beneficial ways for the public good. Acts of courtesy and respect to different values of health care for the population are crucial in managing health systems. For decades the rally against deception has been promoted for many centuries and it has been advanced by theologist such as St Augustine who claims that lie is a sin. With this view the modern scholars have progressed deception and truthfulness being translated in organization and in health care practices. Employees and subordinates often lie to each other. As argued by Gasper and Schweitzer, (2015), public condemnation and private practice has been a challenge in making wise decisions. Some types of lies are unacceptable especially when dealing with the health of the people. The health care manager has propagated lies and deception and in the formulation of the health care facility budget without full cognisance of the impacts it has on the health care status of the population and the surrounding community it benefits. The deception has always been promulgated as self interest behaviour, which promote success of individual people at the expense of others. Health care practitioners a nd professionals are constrained by the principles of professionalism with key objective of upholding the rule of law, (Kinsinger, 2009). This noble responsibility is maintained by high professional standards in which rests exclusively with the health care manager at the facility at the helm of power, authority and trust for the public. The community in the health facility are in weak and vulnerable states with perceived needs satisfaction of unmeant needs which are provision of health care. With this reference, the health care manager is simply flouting this basic rules of engagement and trust bestowed on him for the trust of health care access management role. Integral part as health care manager in any setting work is built on the foundation of ethics of beneficence. It brings the calling for action to commitment of higher standards of professionalism, with advocacy to uphold high moral standards and strive for the greater good. However in this case study, the principles of benef icence are openly flouted and self interest sets in, which undermines our fundamental ethical behaviour as practitioners in the health care delivery. The actions by the health manager are incomplete total disregard on the fundamental principles of health care practice. The milieu in health care, beneficence embraces humanism and respect for human values and dignity. Humans have access to right to life, liberty and access to access to health care, (Rider et al 2014). These rights have to be respected at all cost, nurtured and facilitated through respect and honesty. With concern for the patient suffering experiences, there is need for health decisions to be made in a manner that shows respect for the individual patience and respect to their lives, (Letwin et al., 2016). Health care practitioners are required to act in a way that contribute to the patients health and promote the well being and refrained from actions that bring more harm to the patient, (Toussaint, et al 2015), the health care manager is in deep violation of these acts and gestures. With this view, beneficence strives for best human care and self respect while minimizing doing harm to the patient. Benevolence has been at cross paths in the practice of positions of power. Power positions have advanced health care practice in both beneficently and in malevolent ways, (IMACE, 2017). With the legal empowering of health care professional which is often authorised by the society, health care practitioners acquires skills, training and expertise which enable them to make decisions in an authoritative manner which decries the moral imperative nature of the standards, as observed from the case study. The health care manager authoritatively subdues the moral obligation by use of power to influence key decision to tilt the scales on his side, (Bowen, 2016). Power and financial use have been intertwined all together, beneficence acts are not portrayed by partial withholding of goods and service for extension o of services for the benefit of gaining financial return. Health care managers need project management plans with potentiality to manage long term plans of the organisation. Their actions of the health care manger in the case study, reflects this habit of withholding public money for self benefits and interests which are now tarnishing the reputation of the health care facility. In upholding professional code of ethics there is need for deliverance of effective work within the health care framework. The medical health care managers and practitioners have the right to take into consideration the interest of the patients, with total disregard of self interest. Thus, maintenance of professional competence is essential in providing quality care to the general population. In resource allocation, there is need for wise use of health care resources. It involves practices which uphold transparency and equitable resource allocation and cognisance that use of health care resources have an effect on utilization access of health care resources for the general public, (Snelling, 2015). Resource allocation has been a major issue and concern in the public health care practice. It is a challenging phenomenon especially in rural set ups such as the community in the case study. Especially with the view of limited resources and fewer alternatives which exist to resolve the problem, posses a major challenge in health care practice. With varied competing interests there is need for sober handling of the problem. The decision needed in these settings for both the health care personnel and professionals are an up heal task. When competing interests of the care takers of the health care are prioritized, resource allocation can be jeopardized immensely, (Nelson Nelson, 2013). The decision can be at cross roads with those of the health care funding sources and the deep beliefs which inform the health care practice. In a study by Klugman , (2013), resource allocation has been shown to come in conflict with personal , professional and organization objectives and commitments. . T he resources needed will always be insufficient to meet the needs of the health care especially when coupled with individual needs, hence it means that limitation is inherent and there will be always an occurrence of artefacts and allocation issue will always be there. Traditional methods have taken the form of competing rights and duties with reference to cost implications. The problem at hand requires an overhaul that must e applied in this field of health care. Allocation should be initiated from a point view of effective budget formulation which gives priority issue in the material source, essential in the delivery of health care practice. The health care practice is always managed through gatekeepers of health professionals with the view of short supply of material source. Resource allocation should follow the ethical principles of beneficence for the better good of the public and the community who depend on the services provided by the facility. Health care resources are alway s limited and no amounts of equivalents can fulfil the satiety, thus health care delivery can run into problems, (Bredillet, Tywonik Dwivedula, 2015). With approaching this issue there is need for professionalism and respect for the human life and self interest kept aside. With application of beneficent and deontological principles, there is need for consideration of public interest and the general good for the people. These decisions of upholding health care practice ethics, which are relevant to professional practices, must be adhered to in line with the decisions taken. Principles of beneficence and deontology should play key role in managing the state. Truthfulness and openness for the general good of the people should inform key decisions in the health care setting. In informing key decisions to be initiated, there is need for openness and truth fullness for the best interest of the community and to safe guard their interest through justifiable means. Conclusion Health care professionals in health care management have the sole obligation of acting in a manner that reflects the foundational basis of ethics with possession of unique knowledge and ways of utilising the knowledge for public good. The practice of beneficence bears ground that right behaviours should be pursued in health care management. Prudent and effective managers need to keep high moral standards and professional ethics for the betterment of the community. However the health care manager acted in the facility acted in contrary and violation to these basic fundamentals. The moral theoretical framework has been crossed, deontological perspectives of doing the better good for the people is in question. The moral relativism reflects its principle of beneficence by subverting the role of professional standards. These health care standards have to be extended to the society as a whole and any health care practitioner who acts in opposite way violently to these noble gestures is at risks of violating the principles of protection to the general public. Theory of deontology which entails, making productive decisions for the interest of the community and beneficence have a key role in promoting the health of the community at large. Agents of health care practice should thus conform with the dignity of maintaining high moral standards to the vulnerable population. The need for choosing right or wrong has to conform to moral norms which dictate the status of the position. These norms have to be obeyed; the acts of the professionals have to be in accord with right actions. Hence the decisions of health care managers should base on sound judgements and evidence of best practices which promote benefits to the community at large. These judgements should entail strong sense of what is right or wrong, and putting the priorities of the population at the forefront. References Australian Medical Association Code of Ethics. Available at: https://www.ama.com.au/web.nsf/doc/WEEN-6VL8CP Accessed 24 May, 2000. Bredillet, C., Tywoniak, S., Dwivedula, R. (2015). What is a good project manager? An Aristotelian perspective. International Journal of Project Management, 33(2), 254-266. Bowen, S.A., 2016. Clarifying ethics terms in public relations from A to V, authenticity to virtue: BledCom special issue of PR review sleeping (with the) media: Media relations. Public Relations Review, 42(4), pp.564-572. Gaspar, J. P., Levine, E. E., Schweitzer, M. E. (2015). Why we should lie. Organizational Dynamics, 44(4), 306-309. Kinsinger, F. S. (2009). Beneficence and the professionals moral imperative. Journal of Chiropractic Humanities, 16(1), 4446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echu.2010.02.006 Klugman, C. M., Dalinis, P. M. (Eds.). (2013). Ethical issues in rural health care. JHU Press. Letwin, C., Wo, D., Folger, R., Rice, D., Taylor, R., Richard, B., Taylor, S. (2016). The Right and the Good in Ethical Leadership: Implications for Supervisors Performance and Promotability Evaluations. Journal of Business Ethics, 137(4), 743-755. Nelson, H. L., Nelson, J. L. (2013). Justice in the allocation of health care resources: A feminist account. Meaning and Medicine: A Reader in the Philosophy of Health Care, 289. Post, L. F., Blustein, J. (2015). Handbook for health care ethics committees. JHU Press. Rider, E. A., Ho, M. J., Branch Jr, W. T., Slade, D., Kurtz, S., Hung, J. P. K. (2014). Restoring Core Values: An International Charter for Human Values in Healthcare. International Journal of Whole Person Care, 1(1). Snelling, P. C. (2015). Can the revised UK code direct practice?. Nursing ethics, 0969733015610802. Timmermann, J. (2015, April). VWhat's Wrong with Deontology?. In Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (Vol. 115, No. 1 pt 1, pp. 75-92). The Oxford University Press. Toussaint, N. D., McMahon, L. P., Dowling, G., Soding, J., Safe, M., Knight, R., ... Power, D. A. (2015). Implementation of renal key performance indicators: promoting improved clinical practice. Nephrology, 20(3), 184-193. Zhao, J., Harris, M., Vigo, R. (2016). Anxiety and moral judgment: The shared deontological tendency of the behavioral inhibition system and the unique utilitarian tendency of trait anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 95, 29-33.

Adler Graham Essay Example For Students

Adler Graham Essay In history, negotiation skills were considered as a native talent or instinctive, but nowadays they are regarded as a technique that can be learned (Ghauri 1986). Negotiation process especially requires written and/or verbal communication skills between parties (McCall Warrington 1984, 13). Business negotiation process can be divided into three groups of variables that are presented in the Figure 1: the background factors, the process and the atmosphere (Ghauri 1996, 5). Figure 1: The process of business negotiations (Modified from the figure of Ghauri 1996, 81) Background factors influence the process of negotiation and the atmosphere. They include objectives that are the final stages parties desire to achieve and environment which means political, social and structural factors relevant to both parties. Also the market positions (e. g. monopolistic power) parties posses influence the background factors. As well as the third parties, and the negotiators themselves. Third parties are the ones who are affected by the negotiation or can influence it at some level, for example governments, agents, consultants and subcontractors. Negotiators influence the background factors with their experiences, negotiating skills and personality. (Ghauri 1996, 5-6. ) Atmosphere is a fundamental part of negotiation process. It is characterised as the perceived milieu around the interaction process, how the parties see each others behaviour and the properties of the process. In different processes there are different characteristics of atmosphere that dominate. Atmosphere can be conflicting or co-operative depending whether the parties have common or conflicting interests. The power versus dependence in the relationship means the property of the relationship, i. e. how power is divided between the parties. Also the expectations parties have influence the atmosphere. The expectations can be long-term (values and possibilities of future business) or short-term (prospects for the present deal). (Ghauri 1996, 6-7. ) The process phase of negotiation is divided into three stages which all are influenced by strategic and cultural dimensions. The first stage in order is the pre-negotiation stage. In this step parties make the first contact, gather information on matters relevant to the process, define their own interests and prepare the negotiation scheme. The second stage is the face-to-face negotiation. Parties access to this phase if they feel that the negotiation is the best alternative to find a solution to a joint problem. They evaluate alternatives present, select the ones compatibles with their own expectation and agree on all terms. The last stage is the post-negotiation, which includes writing, signing and implementing the contract. (Ghauri 1996, 10-11. ) 3 BUSINESS NEGOTIATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL SETTINGS 3. 1 International business negotiations With the globalization of business, the question of negotiating in international settings has received a lot of attention. When negotiating internationally, there are various distances between parties that influence the cost of the process. The clearest one of the distances is physical distance, but also there are economic, educational and cultural distances present. (Usunier 1996, 93. ) Parties in international negotiations come from different countries and have different cultural backgrounds. They may have different patterns of thinking, feeling and acting. (Hofstede Usunier 1996, 119. ) Due to the differences on parties cultures, the development of the negotiation process, and how parties understand the relationship are crucial (Ghauri 1996, 4). There are three different levels of culture that influence the behaviour of negotiators:Â   national level (cultural differences between countries) organizational level (cultural differences between different types of organisations depending on their home country and industry)Â  personal level (cultural differences between individuals due to different countries, organizations and especially due to their professional and regional backgrounds, sex and age) (Ghauri 1996, 4; Hofstede Usunier 1996, 119-120). McDonalds Top Five Critical Success Factors EssayThe model presented in the Figure 1 applies also in international business settings. Environmental differences, especially in view of the culture and business traditions prevailing in different countries, are important things to take into account. It might be difficult to understand and adjust to each others culture or traditions, but it is very important to be aware of these differences. Post-negotiation stage also presents a crucial problem in the international negotiation process: which law should be chosen to regulate the contract and arbitration? This requires an entity like the International Chamber of Commerce to act as an arbitrator in all international deals. (Ghauri 1986, 73-82. ) As stated in this chapter, the cultural knowledge has a huge importance in international business negotiations and relationships. In the following subchapter we are going to talk more about those cultural characteristics that influence business negotiations between parties from different countries. 3. 2 Cultural characteristics that influence business negotiations As already stated, various cultures make up the character of an individual. All the cultures (national, regional, industrial, organisational and personal) have subcultures and even subsubcultures (Kapoor et al. 1991, 21, 25, 83). The fundamental differences between cultures have an impact on firms business success throughout the global marketplace (Gesteland 1999, 19). However, one should start preparing for international negotiations by learning ones own cultural values and how much they differ from those of the other party (Hofstede Usunier 1996, 126). What are the components of a culture that should be taken into account in international business situations?